WebWhat we publish and when. Medicines under evaluation. National registers. Search. For help on how to get the results you want, see our search tips. Categories. Human (10619) Veterinary (1284) Herbal (201) Medicine name. Active substance / international non-proprietary name (INN) / common name. Channelrhodopsins are key tools in optogenetics. The C-terminal end of Channelrhodopsin-2 extends into the intracellular space and can be replaced by fluorescent proteins without affecting channel function. This kind of fusion construct can be useful to visualize the morphology of ChR2 expressing … See more Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: … See more Phototaxis and photoorientation of microalgae have been studied over more than hundred years in many laboratories worldwide. In 1980, Ken Foster developed the first consistent theory about the functionality of algal eyes. He also analyzed published … See more The natural ("wild-type") ChR2 absorbs blue light with an absorption and action spectrum maximum at 480 nm. When the all-trans-retinal … See more Channelrhodopsins can be readily expressed in excitable cells such as neurons using a variety of transfection techniques (viral transfection, electroporation See more In terms of structure, channelrhodopsins are retinylidene proteins. They are seven-transmembrane proteins like rhodopsin, and contain the light-isomerizable chromophore all-trans-retinal (an aldehyde derivative of vitamin A). The retinal chromophore is … See more In 2005, three groups sequentially established ChR2 as a tool for genetically targeted optical remote control (optogenetics See more • Hegemann P (2008). "Algal sensory photoreceptors". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 167–189. doi: • Arenkiel BR, Peca J, Davison IG, Feliciano C, Deisseroth K, … See more

Full article: Optogenetic control of insulin secretion in intact ...

WebMay 26, 2016 · Top-down cortical information flow in NREM sleep is thus required for perceptual memory consolidation. Non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is essential for memory consolidation of an animal’s awake motor ( 1) and sensory ( 2) learning experiences. During NREM, synchronous 0.5 to 4 Hz oscillations (slow-wave activity, … WebNational Center for Biotechnology Information michigans tars

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WebDec 26, 2007 · Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR) Although it had been known that microbial opsins can control membrane potential in their native settings and various reduced systems (e.g., Ehrlich et al., 1984; Kalaidzidis et al., 1998; Nagel et al., 2002, 2003), the surprising ability of these proteins when heterologously expressed to … WebChannelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), the first widely adopted optogenetic tool, is also a blue light activated cation channel. ChR2 is preferred over ChR1 because ChR2 has higher … WebDec 15, 2010 · Channelrhodopsin-2-mediated photostimulation A, peak-aligned spontaneous action potential (AP; green) and light-induced AP (black; 2 ms light pulse indicated by blue square) in a CA1 pyramidal neuron.The grey area indicates the after-depolarization associated with ChR2 activation. B, comparison of electrically triggered … the oddfellows carlton